Table of Contents
1. FLUORIDATION AND PUBLIC HEALTH
1.1 Definition of Water Fluoridation
1.2 History
1.3 Health Effects of Water Fluoridation1.3.1 General
1.3.2 Benefits of Fluoridation
1.3.3 Systemic and Topical Effects of Fluorides in Drinking Water
1.3.4 Dental Fluorosis
1.3.5 Skeletal Fluorosis
1.3.6 Cancer
1.3.7 Bone Fractures1.4 Alternatives to water fluoridation
1.5 Status of Water Fluoridation
1.6 Legality of Fluoridation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Chemical Sources
2.3 Fluoride Compounds in General
2.4 Sodium Fluoride
2.5 Sodium Fluorosilicate
2.6 Sodium Bifluoride
2.6 Fluorosilicic Acid
2.7 Other Fluoride Chemicals
2.8 Dissociation of Fluoride Chemicals
3 FLUORIDATION SYSTEMS - Part 1| Part 2
3.1General
3.1.1 Methods of Feeding Fluorides
3.1.2 Types of Equipment3.2 Metering Pumps
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Diaphragm Metering Pumps3.2.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2.2 Mechanical Diaphragm Metering Pumps
3.2.2.3 Hydraulic Diaphragm Metering Pumps
3.2.2.4 Electronic Diaphragm Metering Pumps3.2.3 Calibration of Metering Pumps
3.3 Saturators
3.3.1 Introduction
3.3.2 Downflow Saturators
3.3.3 Upflow Saturators
3.3.4 Liquid Level Switches
3.3.5 Softeners3.4 Dry Feeders
3.4.1 Introduction
3.4.2 Volumetric Feeders
3.4.3 Gravimetric Feeders
3.4.4 Solution Tanks
3.4.5 Dry Feeder Accessories
3.4.6 Calibration of Dry Feeders3.5 Auxiliary Equipment
3.5.1 Introduction
3.5.2 Water Meters
3.5.3 Pacing Meters
3.5.4 Vacuum Breakers
3.5.5 Anti siphon Valves
3.5.6 Day Tanks
3.5.7 Mixers
3.5.8 Scales
3.5.9 Other Appurtenances
4. INSTALLATION OF FLUORIDATION SYSTEMS
4.1 General
4.2 Types of Water Plants
4.3 Chemicals Used in Water Treatment Plants
4.4 Fluoride Injection Point
4.5 Equipment Installation4.5.1 General
4.5.2 Fluorosilicic Acid Installation
4.5.3 Sodium Fluoride Installation (Saturators)
4.5.4 Sodium Fluorosilicate Installation (Dry Feeders)
5. OPERATION OF FLUORIDATION SYSTEMS
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Record Keeping5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Required Records
5.2.3 Operational Records5.3 Chemical Storage and Handling
5.4 Calculations for Fluoridation Systems5.4.1 General
5.4.2 Optimal Fluoride Level
5.4.3 Dosage
5.4.4 Maximum Pumping Rate (Capacity)
5.4.5 Chemical Purity and Available Fluoride Ion (AFI) Concentrations
5.4.6 Fluoride Feed Rate5.5 Chemistry of Fluoride Analysis
5.5.1 Introduction
5.5.2 Interferences with Fluoride Analysis
5.5.3 Fluoride Sampling Collection
5.5.4 Electrode Method for Fluoride Analysis
5.5.5 SPADNS Method for Fluoride Analysis
5.5.6 Continuous Monitors
6. MAINTENANCE AND TROUBLE-SHOOTING
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fluoride Feeders
6.3 Laboratory
6.4 Preventive Maintenance
6.5 Trouble-shooting
7. SAFETY
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Handling of Fluoride Chemicals7.2.1 Sodium Fluoride/Sodium Fluorosilicate
7.2.2 Hydrofluorosilicic Acid7.3 Toxic Exposure
7.3.1 Chronic Toxic Exposure
7.3.2 Acute Toxic Exposure
7.3.3 First Aid for Acute Toxic Exposure7.4 Emergency Procedures for Fluoride Overfeed
7.4.1 Introduction
7.4.2 Recommended Actions for Fluoride Overfeed